Book Review – Adi Shankaracharya: Hinduism’s Greatest Thinker by Pavan K. Varma

Jagad Guru Adi Shankaracharya (788-820 CE) was an early 8th century philosopher and theologian who led the revival of Hinduism and is credited with unifying and establishing the Advaita Vedanta doctrine in Hinduism. He successfully trampled the onslaught of contrarian beliefs and defeated in discourse the leading proponents of other strands of Hinduism as well as that of Buddhism, Jainism and Charvaka School. As Hinduism exists today, it is in most part due to Jagad Guru’s foresight in putting organisational structure for its perpetuation through the four mathas he established in the four corners of India at Sringeri, Dwarka, Puri and Joshimath.

This book by Pavan K. Verma is a short primer summarising the extraordinary life of the great sage who traversed the length of India in his search for the ultimate truth. He was born in Kaladi, Kerala and died in Kedarnath and led a short but fruitfull life of only 32 years in which he built the foundation of Advaita Vedanta school of Hinduism, which provided a rigorously structured and sublimely appealing non dualistic construct to the Upnishadic insights. This Advaita doctrine has been the source from which the main currents of modern Indian thought are derived.

Before Jagad Guru there were five schools of philosophy in Vedantic metaphysics, all guided by two fundamental tenets, investigation or mimamsha and refection or vichara about the ultimate nature of the world and life’s purpose in it.

Nyaya school attributed to sage Gautama focusses on logic and dialectics, analysis and reasoning. It provides toolsets and analytical framework for enquiry and propounds that there are four sources of knowledge: perception (pratyaksha), inference (anumana), analogy (upamana) and verbal testimony (shabad). This framework is strongly recommended to discover truth and nothing is accepted only on the face value or mere assertion.

Vaisheshika school of sage Kanada used these tools and formulated the atomic theory of cosmos by asserting that it consists of four basic atoms i.e. earth, water, fire or air. This doctrine concludes that all finite objects can be broken down into parts till one infinitesimal, indestructible and indivisible atom (anu) and that combination of atoms produces different products identified by their dominant characteristic or vishesha. While functionally realistic in its approach, the Vaisheshika recognises that not all substances are material. The non material aspects of cosmology include space, time ether, mind and soul. This philosophy is essentially atheistic and limits the role of God only to carving out an ordered universe by combining four kinds of atom and five non material components but not with its creation per se.

Sankhya school by sage Kapila has the oldest systemised structure of thought in Hindu philosophy and posits cosmic dualities to the universe, consisting of Prakriti and Purusha. Prakriti, unlike the pluralistic atomistic view of the Vaisheshika, is a pervasive singularity, eternal and independent, from which the universe evolves. But this evolution happens only when Prakriti comes under the influence of Purusha, which stands for awareness or the sentient principle i.e pure consciousness. Until the influence of Purusha, Prakriti, representing the ‘potentiality of nature’ lies latent, its three constituents, sattva (pure), rajas (energy), and tamas (inertia), in equilibrium. But this equilibrium is disturbed when Purusha interfaces with Prakriti and evolution commences with all its manifest diversities. Sankhya propounds this evolution to be cyclical with creation (shrishti) followed by destruction (pralaya) and again followed by shrishti. For sheer conceptualisation, this is an awe inspiring grandeur to the cosmic architecture profiled by Shakhya.

Yoga school of sage Patanjali broadly accepts the worldview of Sankhya but articulates the physical discipline and meditational regimen required by an individual to realise the separation (kaivalya) of Purusha, pure consciousness, from the non sentient Prakriti. Yoga Sutra of Patanjali defines Yoga as ‘Yoga Chitta Vrittih Nirodha’ i.e. Yoga is restraining the mind from discursive thought which it propounds can be brought about by discipline. In the sutra, discipline is outlined as an eightfold path, starting from yama (self-restraint), niyama (virtuous observances), asana (posture), pranayama (consciously controlling breath), pratyahara (withdrawal from senses), dharana (concentration), dhyana (meditation) and samadhi (complete union). Yoga provides to Sankhya a carefully structured complementary system of mental and physical exercises that are necessary for moksha.

Purva Mimamsha by sage Jaimini asserts the practice of dharma, through ritual action sanctified by Vedas. This doctrine believes in karma (action), and not jnana (knowledge) as a path of salvation. The school believes that performing the obligatory rituals, and abstaining from those that are proscribed, will lead by itself to the elimination of evil and the attainment, through the purification of soul or moksha.

Shankara’s audacity of thought was the revival of Advaita i.e. the non dual reality of the cosmic play. His genius lay in building a complete and original philosophical edifice upon the foundational wisdom of the Upanishads providing an entire system of intellectual enquiry and analysis. The most astounding part of his philosophy was the conceptualisation of Brahman as the all pervasive and only absolute force permeating the universe. For Shankara, Brahman is urja or infinite energy, pure consciousness and unsullied awareness and intelligence personified. The embodiment of perfect knowledge, Brahman is beyond knowledge, the knower or the known. It has no beginning, for it is eternal; it has no cause, for it is beyond the categories of time, space and causality; it has no end, for it always was and will always be. Its powers are unlimited; it is omnipotent and omniscient, a singular, indivisible fullness (purana), universal force i.e ekam aka sarvavyapi. Everything in cosmos is an emanation of Brahman, its uniformity (ekarasa) has no parts; its identity is division less (akhanda).

Having posited the absolute immanence of Brahman as the only real in the universe, Shankara asserted that Brahman and Atman are the same. Human beings, who have the faculty of reflection and will, are more than the sum of their body and mind. Our minds are always in flux, our senses are volatile and body mutates, but the Atman is the all knowing consciousness i.e. sarvapratyayadarshin. While the entire universe is an emanation of Brahman, Atman and Brahman are identical, both are the substance of pure consciousness. One exists at the individual level and the other at the cosmic, but they are two sides of the same coin. When we peel away the empirically manifest – mind, body and senses – what is left is nirvisheshchinmatram i.e. undifferentiated consciousness that is the characteristic of both Brahman and Atman. The objective and subjective then become the same. Atman cha Brahma – Atman is Brahman; Tat Tvam Asi – That Thou Art; Aham Brahm Asmi – I’m Brahman.

The best assertion of this non dual Advaita vision in ontological terms is in Nirvana Shatakam. The legend goes that when Shankara first reached his guru Govindpada at Omkareshwara, the guru asked Shankara ‘Who are you?’. In reply, Shankara recited the first three stanzas whereupon Govindpada accepted him as his disciple.

mano buddhi ahankara chittani naahamna cha shrotravjihve na cha ghraana netrena cha vyoma bhumir na tejo na vaayuhuchidananda rupah shivo’ham shivo’ham

I am not the mind, the intellect, the ego or the memory,
I am not the ears, the skin, the nose or the eyes,
I am not space, not earth, not fire, water or wind,
I am the form of consciousness and bliss,
I am the eternal Shiva…

na cha prana sangyo na vai pancha vayuhuna va sapta dhatur na va pancha koshahna vak pani-padam na chopastha payuchidananda rupah shivo’ham shivo’ham

I am not the breath, nor the five elements,
I am not matter, nor the five sheaths of consciousness
Nor am I the speech, the hands, or the feet,
I am the form of consciousness and bliss,
I am the eternal Shiva…

na me dvesha ragau na me lobha mohau
na me vai mado naiva matsarya bhavaha
na dharmo na chartho na kamo na mokshaha
chidananda rupah shivo’ham shivo’ham

There is no like or dislike in me, no greed or delusion,
I know not pride or jealousy,
I have no duty, no desire for wealth, lust or liberation,
I am the form of consciousness and bliss,
I am the eternal Shiva…

The book also suitably covers the background behind Jagad Guru’s acceptance of tantric beliefs possibly under the influence of Kashmir’s Shaivism. Shankar’s penned Saundarya Lahari, his emotional ode to the Mother Goddess with decidedly erotic overtones in the physical description of goddess. The author has postulated that the answer lies in the philosophical overlap between Advaita and aspects of Tantra. Brahman is omnipotent formless energy; but at human (vyavaharik) level, it can be seen consisting of Shiva, the pure, attribute-less consciousness (chitta) and Shakti, the power inherent in that consciousness (chittarupini) that allows for the cosmic dance. Shakti is naught with Shiva, but equally; Shiva is powerless without Shakti, two are complementary to the point that they are indistinguishable.

The book not just summarises the life and teachings of Jagad Guru but author has made an attempt to postulate that Shankara’s Advaitic philosophy is now being validated by the new discoveries of science like quantum gravity theory etc. There is in the universe an amazing consistency and uniformity of design that can not but presuppose a remarkably intelligent directive power. Shankar’s assertion is completely in consonance with it, that the purpose of the universe may be incomprehensible to human minds but all the cosmic fireworks are still part of an intelligent design emanating from an inexhaustible and identifiable source of energy called Brahman which is the ground from which all things emanate and lapse into. It is one constant eternal, intelligence personified, unchanging and transcendent.

Jagad Guru was not only a spiritually giant but was also a poet par excellence, this book contains a selective anthology of his works including his Gita Bhashya, Prakarna Texts (Commenteries) like Atambodha, Tattvabodha, Nirvana Shatakam, Bhaja Govinda, Brahmjnanavalimala and Strotras(devotional hymns) like Shivapanchaksha Strotrara, Bhavanyashtaka.

Shankara exalted religion to philosophy, his greatness lay in understanding the human need for religious practice, but not allowing this to impede his exploration off the mysteries of universe. For sheer profundity of thought, he was in this unflagging pursuit, without a peer. The greatness of his legacy of thought not only stands undiminished with the passage of time, but has grown in value, even as it is being validated by the latest discoveries of science.

Tarun Rattan

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Why Seek?

 

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The Greatness of the Rishi tradition in India by Sampadananda Mishra

A Rishi is one who flows or is in tune with the rhythmic movement of the universe.

Introduction


इदं नम ऋषिभ्यः पूर्वेभ्यः पूर्वजेभ्यः पथिकृद्भ्यः||

|| idaṁ namaḥ ṛṣibhyaḥ pūrvajebhyaḥ pūrvebhyaḥ pathikṛdbhyaḥ || (Rigveda, 10.14.15)

“We offer our obeisance to the Rishis, born of old, the ancients, the path-makers.”

India, indeed, is the land of the Rishis. Therefore, the culture of India is often called as the culture of the Rishis. The tradition of the Rishis in India seems to be perennially flowing, like a stream, to enrich the mind and imagination of her common people. So in India the Rishis are revered as supreme personalities. Living a true life was to be learnt from the Rishis.

A Rishi is the one through whom the secret words of the Vedas are revealed,1 the one who has the inner sight to see the Mantra. Therefore, the Rishis are known as the seers of the Mantra –ṛṣayah mantradraṣṭāraḥ.2 Sri Aurobindo says that a Rishi “sees or discovers an inner truth and puts it into self-effective language – the Mantra.”3 He further elucidates that a Rishi is the seer. He has seen the Mantras (mantradraṣṭā). According to Sri Aurobindo,

“The Rishi was not the individual composer of the hymns but the seer (draṣṭā) of an eternal truth and an impersonal knowledge.”4

He does not merely see, he also hears. He possesses a supernatural faculty of hearing. To his inner audience ‘the divine word came vibrating out of the Infinite’. So he is called Kavi satyashruta, the hearer of Truth. He is the possessor of great spiritual and occult knowledge, the complete inner knowledge. The Rishis “were seers as well as sages, they were men of vision who saw things in their meditation in images, often symbolic images, which might precede an experience and put it in a concrete form.” So it was possible for the Rishis “to see at once the inner experience and in image its symbolic happenings.”5 In the words of Yaskacharya, “the Mantra came to the Rishis who were doing tapas, therefore they became Rishis, in that lies the Rishihood of the Rishis.” tadenān tapasyamānān brahama svayamabhyanārṣat | tadṛṣayo’bhavan| tadṛṣināṁ ṛṣitvam|6 Elsewhere he observes that the purport of the Mantras has to be reached by tapas alone’7, tasyāstapasā pāramīpsitavyam. Shaunaka supports Yaskacharya’s viewpoint when he says in his Brhaddevata, “The Mantra is not perceptible to one who is not a Rishi” 8 na pratyaksamanṛṣḥiṇāmasti mantram. He further declares

“He knows the gods who knows the Riks. The Mantras to be approached through Yoga with self-control and skill, understanding, general knowledge and above all tapasya.”9

Rishis are men of vision who during their meditation see images and put these in a concrete form. So, it is possible for the Rishis to experience at the same time the inner Truth as well as see in image its symbolic happenings.

The Rishis, the seers of the Mantra devoted to a life of Spirit, discover a certain line of development beyond the range of sensory perception by means of their strength of self-discipline and achieve a many-sided inner progress.

The word ‘Rishi’ comes from the root ‘Rish’ which in Sanskrit means, ‘to go’, ‘to move’ and ‘to flow’. Thus, a Rishi is the ‘one who flows or moves or is in tune with the rhythmic movement of the universe’. He is one with the movement. He vibrates with the vibration of the movement. He knows the truth of the whole, of the movement.

A Rishi is also known as kavi, the poet; satyadraṣṭā, the seer of the truth; satyasrotā, the hearer of the truth; krāntadarṣī, of transcendental vision; mantradraṣṭā, the seer of the Mantra; krāntadarṣī, of transcendental vision. In India, Rishis have always been given the highest reverence. Their words always held an authority greater than those of kings and other leaders of the society. Throughout the ages, India has thrown up a long line of Rishis of various orders and there is hardly any period in her history where there have not been at least a few seers and sages.

In the words of Sri Aurobindo:

“Ours is the eternal land, the eternal people, the eternal religion, whose strength, greatness, holiness may be overclouded but never, even for a moment, utterly cease. The hero, the Rishi, the saint, are the natural fruits of our Indian soil; and there has been no age in which they have not been born… The Rishi is different from the saint. His life may not have been distinguished by superior holiness nor his character by an ideal beauty. He is not great by what he was himself but by what he has expressed. A great and vivifying message had to be given to a nation or to humanity; and God has chosen this mouth on which to shape the words of the message. A momentous vision had to be revealed; and it is his eyes which the Almighty first unseals. The message which he has received, the vision which has been vouchsafed to him, he declares to the world with all the strength that is in him, and in one supreme moment of inspiration expresses it in words which have merely to be uttered to stir men’s inmost natures, clarify their minds, seize their hearts and impel them to things which would have been impossible to them in their ordinary moments. Those words are the mantra which he was born to reveal and of that mantra he is the seer.” 10

In India, the Rishi was always, recognized, as it is even now, as the real teacher, the guru. He is all-powerful to intervene between the seeker and the highest object of seeking. He knows the right word of instruction and the right mantra of initiation. He himself is the living example of the ideal that he places before the seeker. His power flows directly from within to the innermost being of the seeker.

The Rishis devoted the maximum time of their lives to self-study, to composition of various literary works, imparting knowledge to the disciples, propagating knowledge to the masses and doing tapas for the good of the world. The Rishi is the friend of all and does good to all. His message is oneness in which he lives all the time and he knows nothing of division. In the words of Sri Aurobindo,

“The seer, the freed & illuminated soul hates none, condemns nothing but loves all and helps all; he is sarvabhutahite ratah, his occupation & delight are to do good to all creatures. He is the Self seeing the Self in all, loving the Self in all, enjoying the Self in all, helping the Self in all. That is the ethics & morality of the Vedanta.”11

 

Rishis of the Veda

 

The Rishis of the Veda were great mystics whose first concern was spiritual – not the spiritual as divorced from the temporal and the secular, but as both the high point and sustaining base of all that is in the universe.

According to Sri Aurobindo, the Rishis, the poet-seers of the Veda, were men ‚

“…with a great spiritual and occult knowledge not shared by ordinary human beings, men who handed down this knowledge and their powers by a secret initiation to their descendant and chosen disciples.” 12

The contributions of the Rishis can be experienced/observed through the verses of the four Vedas, of which the Rig Veda is considered the oldest. The Rigveda has ten mandalas or sections. Out of the ten sections, the first and the last were the contributions of various Rishis. From second to the ninth each section is the contribution of the Rishis of a particular family. In Rigveda, the second Mandala is credited to the family of Bhrigu; the third Mandala is to the family of Vishvamitra; the fourth to the family of Gautama and the fifth to the family of Atri; while the sixth Mandala is by the family of Bharadvaja the seventh is accredited to the family of Vasishtha; the seers of the eighth Mandala belong to the family of Kanva and the ninth Mandala to the family of Angirasas.

It must not be understood that all those who lived in the Vedic age were Rishis, or all the Rishis and common people of that time had attained an all round prosperity – spiritual and material. Rather it has to be understood thus: The Rishis, the seers of the Mantra, devoted to a life of Spirit, discovered a certain line of development beyond the range of sensory perception by means of their strength of self-discipline and achieved a many-sided inner progress. Whatever they achieved by their tapasya, they then cast into a veiled language which they called ‘Mantra.

 

Types of Rishis

 

These Rishis of Vedic period were of two types: those who perceived the Mantras directly by the power of their tapas and the others who were incapable of direct perception but had an intense aspiration to go deep into the Mantras perceived by the superior Rishis. The first kind of Rishis were called sākṣātkṛtadharmā and the second type of Rishis were called asākṣātkṛtadharmā.13 Later the sense of the term Rishi got expanded and we come across several types of Rishis mentioned in our Shastras: śrutarṣi, kāṇḍarṣi, taparṣi, satyarṣi, devarṣi, maharṣi, paramarṣi, brahmarṣi, rājarṣi, janarṣietc.14 The role of the Rishis as seers is prominent in the Vedic literature, while their role as teachers is emphasized in the epics and Puranas. In the epics we find mention about various categories of these Rishis: the Rishis who were householders (gṛhāśtasramīs), Rishis who had no wives and children or never thought of women (ūrdhvaretās), Rishis who were hermit dwellers (āśramavāsins), Rishis who were continuous wanderers (yāyāvaras), Rishis engaged in priestly duties (purohitas), Rishis constantly engaged in imparting sacred knowledge to the disciples (śāstrādhyāpakas), Rishis engaged in imparting training in warfare (śastrādhyāpakas), Rishis who were constantly engaged in intense tapas (ugratapasvins) etc.

When we look at the lives of these Rishis, we find that the majority of them were householders. They lived in their hermitages with their families, chanted Vedic hymns, imparted sacred knowledge to the disciples, practiced tapas, performed daily rituals and other sacrifices.

 

Rishikas or the Women Seers

 

In the Vedas as well as in the other Vedic scriptures we find mention about several women seers. These women seers or Rishikās were mostly the family members of the Rishis, either wives or daughters. In the Rigveda we find mention of about twenty-one Rishikās. During the Vedic period the women were free to live the life of a brahmacharini or sannyasini. We find mention in our scriptures about Shrutavati, a daughter of Rishi Bhardwaj who remained a brahmacharini all her life and entered into deep study of the Vedas; Shrimati, a daughter of Shāndilya, who led a similar life; Sulabhā who was an authority on the Vedas and entered into Vedic arguments with King Janaka; and about many other women who were given entirely to the study of the Vedas.

The wives and daughters of the Rishis were not just Veda learners but many of them were seers of mantras. So, we see Lopāmudrā (Rigveda, 1:179), Romashā (Rigveda, 1:126:7), Aditi (Rigveda, 4:18:7), Nadyā (Rigveda, 3:33), Ghoshā (Rigveda, 10:39), Apālā (Rigveda, 8:91.1 to 7), Visvavārā (Rigveda, 5:28), Indrāni (Rigveda, 10: 86 and 145), Godhā (Rigveda, 10:134:6,7) and few others like Shraddhā, Maitreyi, Urvashi, Vāgambhrini and Gārgi.

We find in the Brihadaranyka Upanishad (Chapter 3, section 6) Gārgi questioning to Yajnyavalkya. This shows the Rishikās were actively participating in various conferences on brahmavidyā. We see Maitreyi’s aspiration for attaining immortality. The kings and princes of the Vedic age preferred to marry the daughters of the Rishis in order to bring home the most illumined persons as their spouses. At the same time we see that many princesses, deeply interested to lead a spiritual life, married the Rishis and lived in the Ashrams.

 

Conclusion

 

Since time immemorial, we have seen the tradition of Rishis in India. They were creators, educators, guides of men and the life of the Indian people in ancient times was largely developed and directed by their shaping influence.‛15 It is important to note that there has always been a continuity of this tradition of Rishis and there has not been any time when they have not taken birth in this land. If India had a glorious past, it was because of the seers and sages and saints of this land. Though engaged primarily in a tapasyä of knowledge and self-discipline, the Rishis always did good to the world. The following words of Swami Sivananda Saraswati, the founder of Divine Life Society, Rishikesh, which he wrote in the introduction to his book on the Lives of Saints of India, present the magnanimous nature of the seers, saints and sages of India:

“Saints and sages are a blessing to the world at large. They are the custodians of superior divine wisdom, spiritual powers and inexhaustible spiritual wealth… Their very existence inspires others and goads them to become like them and attain the same state of bliss achieved by them… Their glory is indescribable. Their wisdom is unfathomable. They are deep like the ocean, steady like the Himalayas, pure like the Himalayan snow, effulgent like the sun…To be in their company is the highest education. To love them is the highest happiness. To be near them is real education.”

But, instead of merely singing the glories of the past by remembering the names of the Rishis and worshipping them, what is demanded of every human being now is to rise and attain the state of Rishihood. In the words of Swami Vivekananda:

“In ancient times there were, no doubt, many Rishis and Maharshis who came face to face with Truth. But if this recalling of our ancient greatness is to be of real benefit, we too must become Rishis like them. And, not only that, but it is my firm conviction that we shall be even greater Rishis than any that our history presents to us.”16

 

References / Footnotes

 

1. tathaivaà vedänåñayastapasä pratipedire (Mahabharata, Shantiparva 155.2)

2. See Nirukta of Yaskacharya Naigamakanda, 2.11

3. The Future Poetry, SABCL, Vol. 9, P. 517

4. The Secret of the Veda, SABCL, Vol. 10, P. 8

5. The Hymns to the Mystic Fire, Vol. 11, P. 12

6. Nirukta of Yaska 2.11

7. Nirukta of Yaska 13.13

8. Brihaddevata of Shaunaka 8.129

9. Brihaddevata of Shaunaka 8.130 yogena däkñyeëa damena buddhyä bähuçrutyena tapasä niyogaiù| upäsyästäù kåtsnaço devatäyä åco ha yo veda sa veda devän |

10. Sri Aurobindo, CWSA, vol.1, pg. 637)

11. Sri Aurobindo, CWSA vol.17, pg 411

12. Sri Aurobindo, CWSA vol.16, pp 6-7

13. Nirukta of Yaskacharya, 1.20

14. Those who received the Mantras from their teachers were called çrutarñis. Those who were experts in different sections of the Vedas were called käëòarñis. Those who performed severe penances were called taparñis. Those who were given to truth and were truthful learners were called satyarñis. Those who were in communion with the Gods were called devarñis. Those who enjoyed a great and exalted position among the Rishis because of their contributions were called maharñis or paramarñis. Those who realized the Brahman, lived the truth of the Brahman and ultimately became the Brahman were called brahmarñis. Those who had attained the Rishihood and at the same time ruled the kingdoms as kings were known as räjarñis. A common man possessing the qualities of a Rishi was called janarñi. (Baudhayana Dharmasutra, 2.9.14)

15. Sri Aurobindo, CWSA Volume 13, pg 525

16. Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda, Volume 3, pg 371

 

Credits: The Greatness of the Rishi tradition in India https://shar.es/a0bA31 via @Pragyata_

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Oldest Chess Board

This chess board excavated from Lothal, Gujarat is the earliest ever chessboard known to the history of mankind.

It belongs to Indus Valley Civilization and dates back to c.2300 BCE. The board was used to play an early form of Chess.

It belongs to period I of Lothal. Chess was known in Sanskrit literature as “Chaturanga” (literally meaning “four divisions” of Cavalry (knight), Infantry (pawns), Elephantry (bishop) and Chariotry (rook). It was borrowed into Persian as “Shatranj” and thence known to the West and in English as “Chess”. This board was discovered by an independent Italian team.

Credits: True Indology – Facebook

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Albufeira – The Gateway to Algarve

Located in the south of Portugal, in the centre of the Algarve, Albufeira enjoys Mediterranean climate with pleasant air and water temperatures all year round. We’d been planning a trip to Algarve for some time, finally Easter break of 2019 provided an opportunity when kids had two weeks of school holidays and things turned out just fine on the work front too. So off we went and boarded an Aerlingus flight to Faro on a windy and rainy day at Dublin.

The Algarve is Portugal’s southermost region and is famous for its Atlantic beaches, soaring cliffs, sea caves and numerous golf resorts. Albufeira is a coastal city in soutern Algarve and was a former fishing village that now has become a major holiday destination. The name of Albufeira comes from the Arab “Al-Buhera” which (means “Little lake/lagoon”) – this name might have derived from the existence of a fortification built on the rocky outcrop that dominated the lagoon on the lower part of the town. Albufeira is one of the oldest cities in the Algarve, but today it has transformed itself into a “Capital of Tourism” in Portugal. It’s famous for its sunny beaches & spicy nightlife but it is also an area full of history, with vestiges of human occupation since the remote Neolithic and Bronze ages. At the start of last millenium, commerce with the North African coast led to a gradual influx of the Moors throughout the Algarve. The Arabs made great strides in the development of agriculture, introducing new cultivations, tools and techniques, such as ploughs, water wheels and intoduced the use of fertilizers. The Christian conquest of the region began at the end of the 12th Century. After decades of conflict, a tight siege of the town by the Knights of the Order of Santiago, finally drove out the Moors in 1249, in the reign of King D. Afonso III. The town was awarded to the Military Order of Aviz and became part of the kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves. King D. Manuel I awarded Charter to the Town of Albufeira on the 20th of August 1504 (date of the municipal holiday) and from that day the town was governed according to the legislation in force for the rest of the country.

We were excited to visit this historic city but as this usually turn out wih vacations, our flight was delayed by almost an hour and we landed at Faro airport around 9:00 PM. The weather was pleasant around 20 degree centigrades, it was an hour’s drive from Faro to our beech resort at Albuferia. We had booked our stay at Grand Muthu Oura View Beach Club which is a five star rated resort with lovely pool area, right in the middle of really beautiful Oura Beach and the Albuferia Strip, famous for its night life on the other side, probably one of the best located hotels in the Algarve for all round access. The hotel is owned by MGM Group of Companies founded by late Dr. M.G. Muthu (1935 – 23rd May 2018). He was born in Thisayanvilai (a small village) in Tirunelveli district in Tamil Nadu to the Manuvelnadar family. He started his career in 1952 working in the port of Chennai and later went on to start the MGM Group of Companies with interests in logistics, hospitality and the popular MGM Dizzee World theme park in Chennai.

We’d arrived late at night at hotel reception, the checkin was quick and we got checked into a spacious apartment at the first floor. We were all tired after a three hour long flight, so had a quick dinner and went to sleep. The morning was bright and sunny, at night we were too tired even to have a quick look around but once we opened the curtains the day light filled in the huge balcony with good partial views of the Atlantic. As it was our first day so we decided to explore the resort and to our delight found that access to beech was just next to our apartment. The beech itself is quite scenic and we spent a great time there playing discus throws and trying our beach ball skills with kids.

There are a plenty of food options forlunch just next to the beech and we settled on a lovely restaurant called Vivaldo. We took vegetarian and sea food options and had a delightful lunch with great views of the sunny beech.
It was hot & sunny and views were amazing, we clicked a  lot of photos sitting there having our lunch. After lunch we again climbed down to the beach through the wooden staircase access from the restaurant and sunbathed for a while and then had a good swim with ocean waves hitting us at speed.

Later we had a little swim session at the hotel outdoor pool also at the insistance ofthe kids. Overall it was a great day, well spent with family on a sunny beech topped by a great lunch. Later at the apartment we were too tired, but a hot shower revived us and we cooked a great dinner together and then went to a sound sleep

We woke up to the cloudy skies next morning, checked weather forecast online and it was showing rain till afternoon, so we decided to plan something indoors. Finally we all agreed to do some shopping and went to Algarve Shopping Centrewhich seemed to be the favorite rainy day destination at Albufeira in online reviews. We booked an Uber from our hotel which cost around a tenner for 15 min ride to shopping centre. The centre is partially open air, so was a bit breezy but beautifully built and have tens of stores for a great shopping experience. We bought some footwear and t-shirts from Sport Zone, there’s a nice Tiger store which is always good for inexpensive small utilities, and there’s a section of the ground floor with several other clothes such as Zara, Breshka, Chicco, and Metro Kids Company. We started feeling hungry after fair bit of walking and decided to have lunch. One can be spoilt for choices for food at the centre, but all stalls seemed quite crowded. Finally we chose Pizza Hut which seemed to have some empty seating and had a big cheesie pizaa and pasta lunch together. After lunch we decided to pick up some grocery from the in-store hypermarket called Continenti. It’s a huge one and we could get everything we were looking for there. The good thing was that the hypermarket was quite near to the taxi rank so with all the heavy bags we were quickly able to get into the taxi and head back to resort. The rain had subsided by then and sun had started peeking in again. After evening tea,

We decided to visit Strip which was just 5 min walk from hotel. Even that late in
night, the place was teeming with activity with crowds of holiday makers thronging all the bars and restaurants. We shopped around for few souvenirs and enjoyed the ambience for a couple of hours there. I was tempted to go in one of the pubs and have my fill of beers but decided wisely to go back to hotel room and take a nap to be ready and fresh for the next day.

Next morning sun was back shining in all its glory and we decided to spend time on the beech and pool. It was one of the days where you just wish to relax, so we spent around an hour or so at the beech and then snooze out on the pool which was warm enough for kids to splash around. We spent the day reading book on pool side with stunning views of Atlantic all around. There was a continous supply of food and drinks from the restaurant on the pool and it was a great day well spent reading and snoozing with the family. Later back at the room we cooked a great dinner and spent time planning for the rest of the trip. Our teenage daughter had found out online that one could do parasailing right on the Oura beech and booking could be done just a stone throw from our hotel room and was adament to try it next morning.

I was hoping that parasailing pestering would be over by morning but I underestimated a teenager’s tenacity to badger so we decided to give it a try and luckily for us there was a slot available, so we booked it. The prices were reasonable, an inflatable boat took us to the main boat anchored a bit off from the beech. Once we were in the main boat we were given instructions on parasailing basics. The crew prepared the parasail and then fastended her to the body harness, which is a sort of like a swing seat attached at either end to the passenger tow bar. Then the crew accelerated the boat and loosened the rope attached that slowly started taking her up the sky. The crew also recorded her ascent and captured few snaps of her doing parasailing which were later downloaded to our phones. Overall it took 40 min for the whole adventure and she was on the moon after that. The inflatable boat brought us back on the beech and atleast I was happy to get back to the safety of solid land.

We decided to have lunch after that and then headed to the old town Albufeira. It was a short ride off from our hotel and Uber charged barely six euros for the trip. Our driver was a lovely lady who had just started the Uber driving that day and we were her first customers ever. Anyway she drove us safely to the old town which was teeming with tourists like us. Again our soccer crazy son led us to the Force Portugal shop and got us to buy him Ronaldo’s jersey. Ronando seemed to pretty popular and there were life size cutouts of him everywhere in old town, our son is a great fan on him so for him he was in a heavenly zone there. We shopped a bit in some of the numerous souvenir shops and then strolled down to the beech. After that we decided to climb to the top of the hill of the beech, but then noticed that there are escalators to take you to the top. Once at the top, we could see there a lovely panoramic view of the old town on one side and ocean on the other side. There was a lovely little cafe at the top which had one of the best coffee and chocalate waffles I’ve ever tasted.The sun was setting by then and it was lovely to sip coffee with the excellent views all around. It was late evening around eigth that we were back at hotel. We cooked a quick dinner and had it together with rose wine.

Next day we’d planned a trip to ZooMarine which is touted as the best family theme park at Algarve. The park had opened in 1991 and is located in Guia, a town near to Albufeira and it took us around 30 min to ride there with Uber at the cost of around 12 Euros. We’d booked tickets online and went straight in, the centre looked world class and has marine park with seal & dolphin shows, an aquarium & a sandy beach with slides & a wave pool. We were given a programme leaflet at the entrance and a quick browse informed us that pirate show was about to start. The good thing about ZooMarine is that all the shows and rides are free once you enter, even the water park can be enjoyed without any topups. The pirate show was funny, had some acrobatic stunts and kids loved it, it was a simple story of a pirate giving up his trade for the love of his life who then is snatched by a villain and how he rescues her with the help of his old pirate mates. I’m always afraid of the rides but kids forced me to do a roller coster ride after the show which was pretty scary and our go pro video came out just perfect for that ride. We then had a quick lunch at one of the restaurants before the highlight of the centre i.e. the Dolphin Show started. We took our seats at the Dolphin pavilion ten minutes in advance. The show was amazing, there were trainers who did lot of antics with the Bottlenose Dolphins who seemed to be following all their commands. There were jumps, dances, rides and number of tricks that dolpins performed to entertain the guests. For kids the most exciting part was when Dolphins kicked the balls towards public and there was a scramble for those balls which I’m sure those lucky kids will retain as their most precious souvenirs. If swimming with dolphins is your dream, it will come true here at Zoomarine, the only place in Europe where you can do this, there are different unique experiences packages offered apart from the public show. As the dolphin pond is some 16 feet deep and we’re not sure how our youngest one would deal with that though he can swim ok, so instead we picked up the Dolphin Snap package where kids were able to touch the dolphins and get their pictures snapped while holding their snout. Kids were so excited afterwards that they can now boast about having held a real dolphin on their laps. Afterwards we did few more rides, then watched the parrot show which was again quite funny with parrots doing lot of silly tricks. We found Zoomarine park itself to be really interesting, lots of fun and certainly worth the entry price – and you really need the entire day to see and do it all as the attraction shows are simply amazing to watch. We didn’t use the pool or wave ride but they looked great fun & would be a must next time around. We called the Uber back to hotel which picked us from the Zoomarine entrance.

Next day was again bright and sunny, such a luxury for someone living at Ireland. We thought of getting the best of it and occupied the best sunbeds around the pool and spent the day reading, swimming, sunbathing and gulping in tons of cocktails and sleeping with warm breeze coming from Atlantic.

Our flight back was late at night next day and transfer to airport was already booked at 6:00 PM so on our last day we checked out of our apartment at 12:00 and had great lunch at poolside restaurant and then spent some more time at the pool. Kids went in for their last swim and we sunbathed and lazed around. Our transfer cab was a bit late but we still had plenty of time at the airport, Faro’s not a very big airport but still we enjoyed shopping around for few souvenirs. It was a great trip and we boarded our flight back with a promise to ourselves to be back at Algarve pretty soon.

Tarun Rattan

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Book Review – Night Trilogy by Elie Wiesel

I’d read Night before when I was quite young and don’t think had then grasped the depth of depravity described in this profound memoir. Reading it again now, when I’ve accumulated perhaps a bit more wisdom made this book shine in a new light. Holocaust has been a constant theme in western cultural landscape with Hollywood churning out movies on industrial scale on the topic and every year there are few blockbuster fiction and non-fiction books covering different shades of this dark event. But this book is unique in its honest portrayal of Jewish misery & suffering in Holocaust and also by author’s admission of his own loss of faith after witnessing so much evil. The book is particularly sad as it describes the helplessness of Jews at the tail end of WWII which could have been totally avoidable but unfortunately Jews till that late also were left to be ruthlessly culled by Nazis.

The book dispels the myth that suffering makes us pious as falsely proclaimed by world religions and shows a stark mirror to humanity on how suffering brings the worst in us making us indistinguishable from animals. A suffering man won’t hesitate to kill others for a mere morsel of bread, also once taken to extremes won’t hesitate to go willingly into the clutches of death. A suffering man will not blink an eye if his own father gets brutally beaten, won’t hesitate to steal from others, won’t think twice to even kill others.

But the main theme of this book is not the depiction of suffering but the quintessential human inquiry on why God make us suffer and suffer so horribly. This was the question that Buddha delved in an earlier era, which Christ sought to resolve by his own blood. Is there a meaning behind the suffering in this world, what’s the point in creating this world if there is so much suffering in it? The author does not have any answers to give in this book but is honest in his admission of his own loss of faith after witnessing the wretchedness of human soul during holocaust.

Night is the first part of the trilogy, I’d not read the other two parts of the trilogy earlier. While the first one is a memoir and other two are fictions but it is the genius of Elie Wiesel to tie these together by strings of memories from his horrid time in Holocaust. Dawn is not that impactful as the first and last part of this trilogy but author perhaps wanted to relive the emotions from other side where roles are reversed and he becomes the one struggling to kill an innocent intelligent man. Dawn also provides a peek into the struggles of the Jews to get their own homeland and sacrifices they had to make.

Last part of this trilogy, Day is where author seeks the antidote to suffering in love, but in conclusion finds out that even love is not enough. So much suffering makes us already dead even if it seem like living, it makes those who suffered so much to be only at home in company of dead and not in the living.

It is a courageous book, not every author can dare to write

God likes to sleep with twelve-year-old girls. And he doesn’t want us to know. Whoever sees it or guesses it must die so as not to divulge the secret. Death is only the guard who protects God, the zookeeper of the immense brothel that we call the universe”.

This is an important journal of Jewish Holocaust, but that was not the only dark hour in human history, there have been so many of these human culls. Why do we end up in these killing sprees? I’m a Hindu, we’d our own Holocaust that was more intense and numerically perhaps hundred times worse but not much is said about it. Africa had its own Holocaust which was perhaps similar to the scale as one Hindus sufferred but again not much is said of it. There are minor ones like one in Armenia, Bosnia and most recently in Kashmir where Kashmiri Pandits were ghettoed, killed and raped indiscriminately. How can we stop these killings in the name of religion and race. Perhaps all of us together as humanity need to work towards culling all these organised religions before they end up in generating another Holocaust and another one will happen surely.

This trilogy is a must read for anybody who wish to understand the sufferings of Jewish Holocaust and also the misery that organised religions of the world have brought upon humanity.

Tarun Rattan

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Sanskrit – A Language of Integral Perfection

The sheer depth and fecundity of Sanskrit makes it a peerless language which deserves much exploration.

by Sampadananda Mishra

Introduction

The source of human language, as experienced and expressed by the ancient Indian Rishis, is the urge to express an inner experience. An ideal language must enable the individual to express his experience with minimum loss of meaning, with minimum expenditure of energy, and with minimum number of words. The quality of a language then depends on the efficiency and effectiveness with which the language enables the individual to express his experience; how perfectly it can communicate and arouse in the listener the exact experience of the speaker. It has to encompass the infinite variety and richness of life, its moods, its depths and its heights and reflect them like a perfect mirror, without any distortion. This is a difficult and challenging task. It demands the capacity to harmonise contradictory qualities. The language must be supple and flexible, capable of subtle shades and nuances, and yet efficient and efficacious, clear, precise and unambiguous. It must be compact and pithy and also rich and opulent; concise yet suggestive, strong and powerful yet sweet and charming, capable of growth and expansion to meet new challenges of the future, and at the same time an inspiring repository of all the great achievements of the past. An impossible demand, one would say. But Sanskrit has successfully met this challenge as perhaps no other language has. This is why it is known as ‘Sanskrit’ – that which is sculpted to perfection and has been well structured and refined to the utmost.

When we look at Sanskrit, we find that in the course of its long evolution it has acquired a fullness and completeness. In other words, this is a language which is complete in all the dimensions of its personality. Its power of expression is commendable. Its power to create new words is incredible. Its flexibility is remarkable. Its linguistic structure is unblemished. Its richness of vocabulary is unparalleled. Its literature marks excellence in all fields of knowledge. We can go on speaking about the remarkable features of Sanskrit and the list always remains endless. But let me explain this with an example of how Sanskrit fulfills all that makes it a language of integral perfection.

The Power of Expression

Sanskrit is immensely capable of expressing every kind of human experience, spiritual, aesthetic and intellectual. It has an unambiguous linguistic structure. Its grammar is perfect. It is unimaginably rich in its vocabulary. It provides various alternatives and possibilities from which the speaker can choose just the right word and the right structure. Here comes the significance of synonyms in Sanskrit. This is a language where synonyms are plenty. What is a synonym? Synonyms are equivalent words that can be interchanged in a context. In most languages, synonyms are different names for the same object. They are words that grow out of a convention and do not often have any inherent significance. One could have used the same word to denote a completely different object and, if the convention was sufficiently strong, the word would become a synonym for that object. But this is not so in Sanskrit. Firstly, the name is not just a convention but grows out of a root with the addition of specific suffixes. Therefore, its meaning too is not a convention but is very specific and determined. The synonyms of a word are not just alternate names, where one can replace one by another. Each synonym grows out of and reveals a special quality or attribute of that object. One has to choose from the many possibilities to the one that conveys best the exact property in mind.

For example, the word fire has as many as thirty-four equivalents in Sanskrit. The dictionary called Amarakosha prepared by Amarasimha is a dictionary of equivalent words in Sanskrit. Here we find all the thirty-four words for fire. They are:

अग्निः agniḥ वैश्वानरः vaiśvānaraḥ वह्निः vahniḥ वीतहोत्रः vītahotraḥ धनञ्जयःdhanañjayaḥ कृपीटयोनिः kṛpīṭayoniḥ ज्वलनः jvalanaḥ जातवेदस् jātavedas तनूनपात् tanūnapāt बर्हिः barhiḥ शुष्मा śuṣmā कृष्णवर्त्मा kṛṣṇavartmā शोचिष्केशः śociṣkeśaḥ उषर्बुधः uṣarbudhaḥ आश्रयाशः āśrayāśaḥ बृहद्भानुःbṛhadbhānuḥ कृशानुः kṛśānuḥ पावकः pāvakaḥ अनलः analaḥ रोहिताश्वःrohitāśvaḥ वायुसखः vāyusakhaḥ शिखावान् śikhāvān आशुशुक्षणिःāśuśukṣaṇiḥ हिरण्यरेतस् hiraṇyaretas हुतभुक् hutabhuk दहनः dahanaḥ हव्यवाहनः havyavāhanaḥ सप्तार्चिः saptārciḥ दमुनाः damunāḥ शुक्रः śukraḥ चित्रभानुः citrabhānuḥ विभावसुः vibhāvasuḥ शुचिः śuciḥ अप्पित्तम् appittam

Each word here has a specific and different connotation and leads to a particular experience with fire, represents a particular quality of fire. For example viû vahni comes from the root vah ‘to carry’, and means that which carries (the offerings to the gods); while Jvln jvalana comes from the root jval ‘to burn’, and means that which is burning; similarly pavk pävaka comes from the root puu ‘to purify’, and means that which purifies; and zu:ma çuñmä comes from the root shush ‘to dry’, and means that which dries up. The word Anl anala means ‘not enough’ na alam, it conveys that nothing is enough for the fire. It is the ‘all devourer’, ever dissatisfied one. The entire creation can go into the mouth of the fire, still it is not enough. So, it is for the writer or the speaker to decide the most appropriate word for ‘fire’ in a given context. This adds to the expressiveness of Sanskrit.

Due to its vast creative possibilities, it is also capable of expressing precisely and minutely, abstract thoughts as well as the most profound and sublime ideas. The supreme experiences and unusual conceptions which are a part of the yogic experience are “difficult to represent accurately in any other language than the ancient Sanskrit tongue in which alone they have been to some extent systematised.” [Sri Aurobindo: ‘The Synthesis of Yoga’, SABCL Vol.20, pp. 11-12]

Look at the texts of various Upanishads. Do you know what the Upanishads are? The word Upanishad literally means ‘to sit near’ (the Guru). While writing about the Upanishads in his book, The Foundations of Indian Culture, Sri Aurobindo says:

“The Upanishads are at once profound religious scriptures (for they are a record of the deepest spiritual experiences), documents of revelatory and intuitive philosophy of an inexhaustible light, power and largeness and, whether written in verse or cadenced prose, spiritual poems of an absolute, an unfailing inspiration inevitable in phrase, wonderful in rhythm and expression. It is the expression of a mind in which philosophy and religion does not end with a cult nor is limited to a religio-ethical aspiration, but rises to an infinite discovery of God, of Self, of our highest and whole reality of spirit and being… Here the intuitive mind and intimate psychological experience of the Vedic seers pass into a supreme culmination in which the Spirit reveals the very word of its self-expression and makes the mind discover the vibration of rhythms which repeat themselves within, in the spiritual hearing & seem to build up the soul and set it satisfied and complete on the heights of self-knowledge…” (Sri Aurobindo, SABCL, Vol. 14, p.269)

One can find in the language of the Upanishads the utmost brevity of expression. Take, for example, the invocatory verse of the Isha Upanishad, one of the ten principal Upanishads. It says:

पूर्णमदः पूर्णमिदं पूर्णात्पूर्णमुदच्यते।
पूर्णस्य पूर्णमादाय पूर्णमेवावशिष्यते।।

pūrṇamadaḥ pūrṇamidaṃ pūrṇātpūrṇamudacyate।
pūrṇasya pūrṇamādāya pūrṇamevāvaśiṣyate।।

All this is full. All that is full.
From fullness, fullness comes.
When fullness is taken from fullness,
Fullness still remains.

This brief utterance is immensely rich in its thought contents. I am not going to explain the verse in detail, that is not my purpose, what I am trying is to give you a feel of the intensity of the power of expression that is there in the verse. In the Upanishads, we find a clear expression of the thoughts with minimum use of words. Upanishads are short but one can spend whole life time trying to understand even one out of the hundreds of Upanishads.

Further, the concept of sutra is simply amazing. A sutra is like an apothegmatic expression which is short, pithy and a versatile sentence presenting a concept in the most efficient, compact and thorough manner. This is very peculiar to Sanskrit. The Yogasutras of Patanjali, the Brahmasutra of Badarayana, Kamasutra of Vatsyayana are few popular scriptures written in sutra form. It is said in some ancient scripture that a sutra must have the minimum number of syllables – alpaksharam. Not even one syllable should be extra or superfluous. There should be no scope for doubts or ambiguity – asandigdham. It should have something worth-while and of value to express – saaravat. It should have wide applicability in diverse situations and should not be confined to a few particular instances – vishvatomukham. It should be free from errors, inadequacies and fillers – astobham. It should stand on its own strength. It should present a truth that is irrefutable – anavadyam.

Panini, who is regarded as the father of Sanskrit grammar, has presented the grammar of Sanskrit in the form sutras in his book Ashtadhyayi. There are approximately four thousand sutras in eight chapters in which Panini has presented the whole Sanskrit language. This is considered to be the greatest monument of the world that the human genius has brought forth. I am quoting here a few sutras from Ashtadhyayi for showing the utmost brevity that Panini has achieved in composing his text on grammar.

1. ध्रुवमपायेƧपादानम् dhruvamapāyeƧpādānam 1.4.24
When there is a movement away, the fixed part from which the movement takes place is known as apadana (ablative).

2. कर्मणा यमभिप्रैति स सम्प्रदानम् karmaṇā yamabhipraiti sa sampradānam 1.4.32
That which the agent wishes to reach through the object is known as sampradana (dative).

3. साधकतमं करणम् sādhakatamaṃ karaṇam 1.4.42
That which is most instrumental in bringing an action to accomplishment is known as karana (instrumental).

4. आधारोƧधिकरणम् ādhāroƧdhikaraṇam 1.4. 44
That which serves as locus is known as adhikarana (locative).

5. कर्तुरीप्सिततमं कर्म karturīpsitatamaṃ karma 1.4.49
That which the agent wishes the most is known as karma (accusative).

6. स्वतन्त्रः कर्ता svatantraḥ kartā 1.4.54
That which is independent of everything is known as karta(Nominative).

These are sutras related to the karaka section of Ashtadhyayi which deals with the syntax of Sanskrit. You cannot really believe how much information that the sutras have within themselves.

Now I will give you a few examples of different types of compositions in Sanskrit where you will experience something truly amazing. Here you can see the utmost flexibility of Sanskrit language and the high connotative power of the words in Sanskrit.

Have you ever heard this famous sentence in English which says, “Able was I ere I saw Elba”? Do you know who said this? It was great Napoleon who said this when he was imprisoned in the island of Elba. What is so special about this sentence? Just read it once more. And try to read it once more from right to left. What do you find? It reads the same. This is called Palindrome. There are, in English, words like peep, noon, did, dad, madam etc. which when read from both left to right or right to left give you the same sounds and same meanings. I will show you here one example from a Sanskrit text in which you will not only see Palindromes but you’ll also be amazed to see the genius of the poet and the utmost flexibility of the Sanskrit language. Here is the verse:

तं भूसुतामुक्तिमुदारहासं वंदे यतो भव्यभवं दयाश्रीः।
श्रीयादवं भव्यभतोयदेवं संहारदामुक्तिमुतासुभूतम्।।

taṃ bhūsutāmuktimudārahāsaṃ vaṃde yato bhavyabhavaṃ dayāśrīḥ।
śrīyādavaṃ bhavyabhatoyadevaṃ saṃhāradāmuktimutāsubhūtam।।

Here you can see that the second half of the verse is formed by reversing the first half. Then the entire verse from left to right and right to left is the same. Another important thing about this verse is that the first half is a description of Lord Rama, and the second half, which is the reverse of the first half, describes Lord Krishna. Is it not amazing? Is it not outstanding? How can a poet do this? Also, you can observe that by reversing the first line or by reading it from right to left, the arrangement of syllables by short and long remains intact, there is no loss in the rhythmic pattern. It follows perfectly the rules of metrics, rules of grammar, and rules of poetry. Everything is perfectly maintained. What will you call this? Is it Arts or Science or Mathematics or poetry or a formula or a Mantra? I can see everything here integrated into a single whole. This is what I call the perfection of Sanskrit. Only a perfect language can express things in this manner. This particular verse is taken from a text called Ramakrishna-viloma-kavya written by Suryakavi. There are fifty such verses where the first half is about Lord Rama and the same line in a reverse manner forms the second half describing Lord Krishna.

Likewise, it is possible in Sanskrit to compose poetry using only a few consonants, or by dropping a group of letters. Or sometimes you can see verses in which there is only one vowel with the other consonants. It is also possible in Sanskrit to compose a verse in which all the consonants of Sanskrit appear in the same order as they are in the alphabet. There is a whole gamut of poetry which has such wonderful and unimaginable compositions. What I would like to convey is that the language is immensely capable of facilitating such expressions. Unless and until a language attains certain perfection, you cannot have such power of expression.

Let me tell you about another type of composition in Sanskrit which is known as sandhanakavya. In this type of poetry one can find, sometimes, one verse describing two or five or seven different topics. The poet who makes a composition of this type has several topics in his mind and the words he uses have the ability to express all the different topics in a single verse. For example in the Raghava-pandviya poem composed by a poet named Dhananjaya we find the story of Ramayana and the Mahabharata in each of its verse. Saptasandhanakavya of Meghavijaya describes the story of seven great men. Each of its verses tells seven different stories simultaneously. I present here a very interesting story which illustrates one such verse. I hope you know the story of Nala and Damayanti. This is a story in the Mahabharata, one of the two great epics of India. Sriharsha, a master poet in Sanskrit took this episode of the Mahabharata as the topic of his epic poetry called Naishadhiya-chcaritam. In the thirteenth canto of this poem Sriharsha gives the description of svayamvara (choosing of bride-groom) ceremony of Damayanti. Damayanti has decided to choose Nala as her consort, whom she loves. But in order to test the fidelity of her love she has been put to a test. In the ceremony there are Indra, Agni, Varuna, Yama and Nala, but the four gods have assumed the form of Nala. Now, from the five, Damayanti has to choose her beloved Nala. Goddess Saraswati is there to introduce each of them to Damayanti. Being the goddess of speech she cannot tell a lie, and if she speaks the truth then there is no point in having the trick. What is to be done in this situation? Now poet Sriharsha composes just one verse. And this single verse is capable of conveying five different meanings. Goddess Saraswati introduces each of them by reciting the same verse. And each time she knows what she means. To explain the verse in detail will take a few pages. So instead of explaining it I am just quoting the verse below.

देवः पतिर्विदुषि नैषधराजगत्या
निर्णीयते न किमु न व्रियते भवत्या।
नायं नलः खलु तवातिमहानलाभो
यद्येनमुज्झसि वरः कतरः पुनस्ते।।

devaḥ patirviduṣi naiṣadharājagatyā
nirṇīyate na kimu na vriyate bhavatyā।
nāyaṃ nalaḥ khalu tavātimahānalābho
yadyenamujjhasi varaḥ kataraḥ punaste।।

(Naishadhiyacharitam of Sriharsha, 13.34)

What do we gather from this? Is this that the mind of the poet that was capable of presenting this and that alone is important? Is this that the language had the power to enable the poet to do in that manner? Who created that mind and that language? I am not going to answer these questions. But what I feel that we need to concentrate on these questions and I am sure that the answers will come to each one in its own way.

The Power Of Creating New Words

As I have mentioned before, a perfect language must also have the capacity to grow, to meet the demands of completely new experiences. The speaker of the language should be able to create new words to suit his needs and at the same time, the listener should be able to understand him. From this point of view, Sanskrit is extremely elaborate and sophisticated. Sanskrit has the ability to create new words and any amount of words to meet the coming Age. It has got a beautiful system of formation of words by combining a root-sound with a suffix and prefix. Let me give you one example of creating a new word.

Imagine, you have not seen a camera before. You do not know what it is. It is placed before you, and you are told that this is a camera. You are seeing the object for the first time, and hearing the word camera for the first time. Can the word camera help you know about it? Remember the word camera has not yet been included in any dictionary. What I am trying to say you is that in languages other than Sanskrit the words are created arbitrarily, the meanings are imposed on the words. But in Sanskrit one can create words without any arbitrariness. Here the words are self-explanatory. You can get at least some idea about an object just by concentrating on the word by which the object is named. Now as for an example let us create a word for camera in Sanskrit. When we need to create a new word for an object what we need to take care of is the nature of the object, its function, its different features etc. Now, what does a camera do? The main feature of the camera is to take pictures, to seize forms. In Sanskrit the root-sound ‘grah’ is used to denote ‘to seize’ or ‘to capture’. The one who (or that which) seizes or captures can be expressed by the word ‘graahin’ or ‘graahaka’ derived from the root ‘grah’. The word ‘ruupa’ in Sanskrit is used in the sense of form or image or picture. Now we can combine both the words ruupa and graahin or graahaka to and make it ruupagraahin or ruupagraahaka to mean something which seizes or captures forms or images. And this word can be used for camera. For any Indian, at least, the word ruupagraahin or ruupagraahaka is more direct and simple and self-explanatory than camera. Similarly one can create the word shabdagraahin or shabdagraahaka for a sound receiver. Is it not interesting? Sanskrit in this manner has a powerful system of creating new words.

Take for example another root-sound, let us say ‘kri’ which means ‘to do’. From this one monosyllabic root-sound one can derive hundreds and thousands of words, and the root-experience ‘to do or make or to put into action’ helps to understand the meanings of all the thousands of words created from this root-sound. Say for example one can get the word ‘kartri’ meaning ‘a doer’ by adding the suffix ‘tri’, ‘karana’ meaning ‘doing’ or ‘an instrument which does’ by adding the suffix ‘ana’, ‘kaarya’ meaning ‘a thing to be done’ by adding the suffix ‘ya’, ‘kartavya’ meaning ‘that which must or should be done’ by adding the suffix ‘tavya’, and so on and so forth.

The above are just a few stray examples of the way the words are created in Sanskrit but they have far-reaching implications. The first implication is that from a single root, by adding various suffixes, we can create a large number of nouns with various shades of meanings. Further, instead of adding only suffixes to a single root, if we successively add a number of prefixes and suffixes to the verb-roots or nouns, we can have an even greater number of nouns and verbs, with just the precise nuances and meanings we wish to convey. We have therefore not only a very large vocabulary but also the possibility of creating new words in a very natural manner for all possible situations, actions and objects. And, what is more important, it is possible for any one with a basic knowledge of Sanskrit to follow and understand these new words.

Most languages use the process of adding prefixes and suffixes to create new words. But often it is not a conscious process, not sufficiently natural and sometimes even a bit arbitrary. Nor is it a normal part of the use of the language. On the other hand, in Sanskrit, it is a very conscious and powerful tool in the hands of the speaker or the writer. The way words unfold from their seed forms is remarkable. When the root creates a word, the sound undergoes certain transformative principles to keep it resonating to its optimum. Hence, cit ‘to be aware’ becomes the resonant cetaami, ‘I am aware’, and cetanam, ‘awareness’. The root-sound budh, ‘to know or understand’, becomes bodhaami, ‘I know or understand’, and bodhanam ‘knowing or understanding or being awake’. These relationships operate with mathematical precision throughout the language, and it becomes extraordinarily powerful and structured, and easy to learn.

Greatness Of Sankrit Literature

According to Sri Aurobindo –

“The greatness of a literature lies first in the greatness and worth of its substance, the value of its thought and the beauty of its forms, but also in the degree to which, satisfying the highest conditions of the art of speech, it avails to bring out and raise the soul and life or the living and the ideal mind of a people, an age, a culture, through the genius of some of its greatest or most sensitive representative spirits.” (Sri Aurobindo: ‘The Foundations of Indian Culture’, Sri Aurobindo Birth Centenary Library,Vol.14, p. 255)

Here Sri Aurobindo focuses mainly on the subject matter of a literary work, the thought embedded in it, the beauty of expression, the art of speech, the cultural heritage and the social settings. In this light he speaks of the greatness of Sanskrit literature as follows:

“The ancient and classical creations of the Sanskrit tongue both in quality and in body and abundance of excellence, in their potent originality and force and beauty, in their substance and art and structure, in grandeur and justice and charm of speech and in the height and width of the reach of their spirit stand very evidently in the front rank among the world’s great literatures. The language itself, as has been universally recognised by those competent to form a judgment, is one of the most magnificent, the most perfect and wonderfully sufficient literary instruments developed by the human mind, at once majestic and sweet and flexible, strong and clearly-formed and full and vibrant and subtle, and its quality and character would be of itself a sufficient evidence of the character and quality of the race whose mind it expressed and culture of which it was the reflecting medium.”

These two striking sentences of Sri Aurobindo highlight all the characteristic features of the Sanskrit literature.

The literary glories of Sanskrit are multi­faceted and many-splendoured. Valmiki, Vyasa and Vish­vanatha; Kalidasa, Kapila and Kalhana; Jayadeva, Jaimini and Jagannatha; Bhavabhuti, Bhasa and Bharata; Asvaghosa, Abhinavagupta and Anandavardhana; Vatsyayana, Visakha­datta and Vidyadhara; the list is endless. The corpus of Sanskrit literature covers the whole gamut of human ex­perience; it is by no means confined to grammar or philosophy. Every human emotion and aspira­tion, every beat of the human heart, every flight of the human mind, the joys and sorrows of humanity are to be found in Sanskrit literature, and this makes it continuously meaningful in all ages to come.

Conclusion

No doubt, Sanskrit is rich in vocabulary, in expression, in literature, and it has a perfect structure. The language, as much like music, brings the mind into a beautiful flow. Here we see that while reading or talking, the syllables slur into one another in the natural flow of the language. This allows for an unbroken flow of sound so fluid that it enters seamlessly into memory. This is the reason for which thousands of years ago when there was no written material, vast amounts of information were committed to memory; great works of literature, the Vedas, the Upanishads, or even entire epics. To a large extent, it was the design of the Sanskrit language that made this possible. This is another important feature of a perfect language.

Sanskrit, as a perfect language does one more thing, it combines its perfection with inspired truth to create a living experience of spiritual awakening, a sense of being eternal. No language, I believe, has yet achieved this the way Sanskrit has.

Credits: http://www.pragyata.com/mag/sanskrit-a-language-of-integral-perfection-659?fbclid=IwAR0jMcRaq9paV25xgRahT_tcosInpJkOulR8ojDJSrvulNY1dsmQNXd_uVU

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Book Review – Why I’m A Hindu by Shashi Tharoor

This book is a light primer by an Indian politician covering the basic tenets and sacred texts of Hinduism. I’ve read Shashi Tharoor’s earlier works, some of which I can vouch to be pretty good, but this book has been such a disappointment. Actually it could have been such a topical book as there is a real demand for an easy to understand manual on Hinduism especially in the west. I’ve been asked so many times by my international friends both in west and east for a good reference book on Hinduism and there are some but none which really stands out. It’s a bigger disappointment as I feel that Shashi Tharoor is almost perfect to write that kind of book with his command over English language and his deep knowledge of Indian culture and religion.

So what went wrong with this book?

Well I believe, that it’s a cardinal sin by an author to write any book to settle a personal score or further any personal agenda. A book is a form of expression to be used only to add profoundly to existential human experience. But in this case Shashi Tharoor seems to have committed that folly and written this book primarily to further his party’s political agenda to propagate a new brand of soft Hindutva to counter the ascendancy of Hindu nationalists. It would have helped if author would have kept this discourse confined to his own personal discovery of faith, that would have enlightened the readers on what Hinduism has to offer to a modern world citizen. But instead the author seems more interested in outlining the failings of his political opponents who follow their own brand of Hindutva. Though the author repeatedly says in the book that Hinduism provides flexibility of interpretation and allows everybody to follow what they perceive as right but then he contradicts himself by critisizing a major section of Hindu society who have embraced their own brand of Hinduism intermingled with a tinge of nationalism.

The author is widely believed to be part of pseudo secular brigade in India, so called because they would go to any lengths to appease minorities to gain political victory. In that, they harm the national interests and have kept Indians embroiled in divisive politics which has sapped the energy of Indian society. Now this group has embarked on a new project to regain mainstream acceptance and have started playing a soft Hindutva card of their own. And this book should be seen as another attempt in that direction.

There are numerous examples in the book where author indulges in this trickery to justify his own version of pseudo secularism. One of the example is where the author finds it despicable that the late Indian painter M. F. Hussain had to go into self exile because of legal cases filed by enraged Hindus whose sentiments were hurt by him painting Hindu goddess in nude. Nudity is celebrated in Hindu culture but attaching that to Gods and Goddesses revered by Hindu society is just taking it too far, but alas author still finds those paintings justifiable.

The author picks up on any small incident affecting minorities be it cow vigilantes or Taj Mahal but conveniently forgets to mention the travesty of justice when a revered Hindu seer Shankaracharya of Kanchi Peeth was arrested on false charges on orders of the leader of his own political party. This is the kind of minority appeasement and total lack of sensitivity towards Hindu majority that has allowed the revival of majority Hindu nationalist parties.

The author at one place mentions that India is the only country in the world where Jews have lived since centuries without any fear of anti semitism, but again forgets to mention the infamous 26/11 Mumbai attacks in which Jewish Chabad House was attacked and its Jewish residents horrendously killed by Islamic terrorists. This was the first time in Indian history that Jews were killed in India for just being Jews and that too by terrorists who follow an ideology alien to Indian ethos. Those Islamic terrorists were helped by some converted Muslims and that is the danger that needs to be highlighted not the ascendancy of Hindu nationalists.

This is what is wrong with this book, the author provides only the narrative that suits his own political agenda rather than the stark truth. Hindu society has been under attack and now that it is asserting itself and won’t take any more insults then it pains the likes of the author who have till now thrived on minority appeasement. At another place he gives a long winding discourse of how it is ok for Hindus to get converted to Christianity or Islam as anyway Hindu religion accepts that all paths lead to one God. I’ve never heard a more ludicrous statement, try teaching that to a Christian or a Muslim and I can only imagine the consequences.

A writer should be bold enough to write fearlessly on the known facts and not let sentiments and fear drive his writing. It is a known fact that both Islam and Christianity did more harm than good to India and Hinduism. Instead of harping on syncretism which in essence only means repeated insults to majority Hindu community, we should be presenting the facts in naked truth. There is absolutely no need to put a wrap around the atrocities and shortcomings of these alien religions which invaded India. We should be celebrating the tenacity of Hinduism to survive and even prosper under duress and now that it is resurgent, it bodes well for the world. I’m sure Hinduism can help reform other religions by its universal message and bring peace upon the world.

The early chapters of this book provides a good introduction on Hinduism for the uninitiated but once the author starts furthering his own political agenda in later chapters, he misses the point and ends up making an otherwise promising book into another pseudo secularist attempt to regain the lost ground.

Shashi Tharoor could have done a lot better here!

Tarun Rattan

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US Texas Trip 2018

Texas, the lone star state, has been romanticised in so many Hollywood westerns like “Unforgiven”, “The Alamo” and also in neo noirs like “Kill Bill”, “No Country for Old Men“. Everything’s bigger in Texas, or so the saying goes. It is, after all, the second largest state in America – and the landscape, the politics, football games, even the food, all follow suit. Maybe that’s why it’s on-screen representations have often been larger than life, too. I’d always been fascinated by such depiction of this mysterious southern state and when an opportunity came my way knocking to visit it, I grabbed it immediately.

Texas is the second largest state in US not only by area but by population too and shares borders with the U.S. states of Louisiana to the east, Arkansas to the northeast, Oklahoma to the north, New Mexico to the west, and Mexico to the southwest, while the Gulf of Mexico is to the southeast. When Europeans arrived in the Texas region, there were several races of Native peoples divided into many smaller tribes. They were Caddoan, Atakapan, Athabaskan, Coahuiltecan & Uto-Aztecan. The name Texas derives from táyshaʔ, a word in the Caddoan language of the Hasinai, which means “friends” or “allies”.

We were looking forward to our trip, in the days leading up to the trip we completed some shopping for the gifts for family and friends and also clothes for the warm weather in Texas. In Dublin we hardly ever need summer clothing but we were told to expect temperature exceeding 30 degrees centigrades. Finally the big day came and we started off quite excitedly towards the southern state.

Our first stop in Texas was Houston, we traveled via London and after a non stop flight of ten hours landed at Houston George Bush International Airport (IAH) around 7:00 PM

 local time. Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth most populous city in US with population as big as Dublin of around 2 million. The city is named after former General Sam Houston, who was the president of Republic of Texas and had won Texas independence from Mexico at the Battle of San Jacinto. Today Houston’s economy has a broad industrial base in energy, manufacturing, aeronautics, and transportation. Leading in healthcare sectors and building oilfield equipment, Houston has the second most Fortune 500 headquarters of any U.S. municipality within its city limits after New York city.

After clearing immigration we came out to the baggage area and found that our luggage did not arrive. When we went to airline desk to report it, we were informed that our luggage will be coming on a later flight from London next day. It was little dissappointing but still the excitement of actually standing on Texan soil lifted our spirits. We took a cab from IAH to our hotel Hilton Americas in downtown Houston which is approximately 25 minutes ride from airport. At Dublin, the temperature was almost freezing, as is always the case in late Oct but we landed at Houston in sunny warm weather with temperature around 25 degree centigrades. Houston looked like any other modern city at first glance with one of the tallest skylines showcasing its mostly postmodern architecture. Our hotel room was on 15th floor and we could see the vast city skyline from our hotel room window. Houston is recognized worldwide for its energy industry—particularly for oil and natural gas—and multiple gas fires visible on Houston skyline confirmed that status to us. Our hotel was just next to Toyota Center which is home to Houston Rockets basketball team and besides Discovery Green park. The park we explored a bit later is a beautiful green space with a kid’s area and fancy eating joints. The hotel has a Mexican Restaurant where we’d a sumptous dinner in company of other family members who were also visiting Houston for the family event. It was great to see the family and friends, some of whom we’d not seen since many many years. We were tired after our long transatlantic flight and few glasses of Sangria , we had with dinner started kicking in and off we went to bed shortly afterwards.

Next morning, the jet lag kicked in and we woke up around 4 o’clock in the morning. As there was no point in fighting the body clock so we decided to brew tea in the hotel room and wait it out. We pulled off our hotel windows, had tea and biscuits and slowly watched dawn slipping in. It was a cloudless sky and we were in for a great surprise as we witnessed a mesmerizing sunrise from our hotel room window.After we’d glowed in that slendour of mother nature, we got ready and went down for breakfast. Hilton service did not dissappoint as the breakfast menu was great and we made the best of it.

As sun was out so we decided to take a stroll in nearby Discovery Green park and explore the near vicinity of the hotel. We discovered Phonecia Food Speciality Store and Houston Shopping Centre all within walking distance of the hotel. As we still had time at hand so we decided to visit the museum district of Houston. By Uber it took us 15 minutes from our hotel. The Houston Museum District is an association of 19 museums, galleries, cultural centers and community organizations dedicated to promoting art, science, history and culture. Houston’s Museum District is walkable and bikeable. Sidewalks are wide and well-maintained, and attractions and restaurants are situated near each other.

The biggest museum is the Houston Museum of Natural Sciences (HMNS) and consists of a central facility with four floors of natural science halls and exhibits, the Burke Baker Planetarium, the Cockrell Butterfly Center, and the Wortham Giant Screen Theatre. There is also Museum of Fine Arts which is one of biggest art museums in the world covering some 64000 works from all corners of the world spread across 30000 sq meters. The museum district has a beautiful Hermann Park at the southern end, it is an urban park spread across 445 acre green space and has zoo, theatre and few museums inside it. The park also features a large reflecting pool, numerous gardens, picnic areas, and McGovern Lake, a big 8-acre recreational lake. It was a brain child of real estate investor and entrepreneur George H. Hermann, who owned most of the area and served on the city’s parks board and bequeathed his estate to Houston for use as a public green space in 1914.

There is also a toy train named Hermann Park Railroad that runs through the park and we decided to ride it. Tickets which are nominal can be purchased at the Hermann Park Conservancy Gift Shop at Kinder Station. Snacks are allowed on the train and we enjoyed drink & bite while we took the leisurely 25-minute ride around Hermann Park. The train makes three stops at points of interest in Hermann Park—the Houston Museum of Natural Science, Rice University near the METRORail and the Buddy Carruth Playground for All Children.

It was a great day and the company of friends made it a memorable one. We ended the day with a three course dinner at Grove restaurant in Discovery Green Park with few pegs of Mccallan on the rocks. After dinner and few more rounds of Scotch we lipped back to our room. Around midnight we got a call from Hotel concierge that airline has finally delivered our luggage, which was a big relief for us.

Next day was spent visiting family and friends, first stop was West University place or West U, a suburb of Houston. Claudia Feldman of the Houston Chronicle described West University Place as a “wealthy city inside a city” and “a tidy, orderly community, one where furniture matches, bills get paid and accomplished parents raise accomplished children“. Almost all street names in West University Place are allusions to universities, colleges, and poets.

Later in the evening we attended the family function at The Dunlavy Buffalo Bayou. It’s an amazing restaurant in shape of a glass box perched up like a tree house. The interior is bright and open with thoughtful touches like chandeliers, distressed tables and unique crockery. The decor is somewhat Victorian with a modern twist and rustic tables.

I counted 42 glittering French and Italian crystal chandeliers glowing overhead in The Kitchen at The Dunlavy – a constellation’s worth of shining facets, multiplied by the reflection in so many windows of this glass box. It was great to watch in that marvellous setting a younger member of our family making his way towards marital bliss in company of all the family & friends. The food too was great with excellent choices of wine and scotch. It was a night to remember and we’ll cherish the memories of that night for a long long time.

We’d a brunch next morning at one of our family friends who had an amazing house wth collectibles from all around the world. The house looked more like a museum and perfectly built for entertainment. It was a bright sunny morning and after that delicious brunch we headed our way to San Antonio in company of some our extended family. The drive is a straight shot on IH10. Depending on how fast you drive, you can get there in 3 to 4 hours. The drive is not particulary scenic, a bit boring but gives an idea of Texas landscape. Coming from Europe, one thing that stood out for us were the number of Camper van dealerships on the way. The charm of the Lone Star State comes from the fact that it’s a special blend of country and cosmopolitan. You can get a pretty good picture of Texas from the tall skylines of Houston and Dallas. But most Texans know that to really take in the Great State in all of its rugged glory, all you need to do is grab a tent and head into the wilderness. Well we thought that’s a must for our next visit to Texas, for this first time we decided to enjoy the beautiful cities of Texas and San Antonio has to be the most beautiful of all Texan cities.

Straddling the regional divide between South and Central Texas, San Antonio anchors the southwestern corner of an urban mega region colloquially known as the “Texas Triangle”. The Texas Triangle is formed by the four main cities, Houston, Dallas, San Antonio and Austin, connected by Interstate 45, 10 & 35. The area is sometimes also referred to as the Texaplex and contains 5 of the 20 biggest cities in the US, and is home to more than 70% of all Texans, with a population in excess of 15 million.

San Antonio is the seventh most populous city in the United States and the second most populous city in Texas. Founded as a Spanish mission and colonial outpost in 1718, the city became a civil settlement in 1731, making it the state’s oldest municipality. The city’s deep history is contrasted with its rapid growth: it was the fastest-growing of the top ten largest cities in the United States. We’d rented out a big house at East Craig Place which was near to tourist attractions as well as to the airport.

We reached San Antonio late afternoon and after resting a bit at Craig place house decided to visit the famous river walk that evening. The San Antonio River Walk (also known as Paseo del Río or simply as The River Walk) is a city park and network of walkways along the banks of the San Antonio River, one story beneath the city streets. It was surreal when we climbed down from the city street to the river walk area. The city up seemed like any other city but once you reach the river walk area and see it first hand then it becomes apparent why millions visit San Antonio River Walk every year.

The place is simply out of this world, it winds and loops under bridges as two parallel sidewalks lined with restaurants and shops, connecting the major tourist draws from the Shops at Rivercenter, to the Arneson River Theatre, to Marriage Island, to La Villita, to HemisFair Park, to the Tower Life Building, to the San Antonio Museum of Art, to the Pearl and the city’s five Spanish colonial missions, which have been named a World Heritage Site, including the Alamo. During the annual springtime Fiesta San Antonio, the River Parade features flowery floats that float down the river.

We decided to first take the river cruise, our captain was quite funny and had jokes one too many for almost everything. But overall it was quite a ride and provided us an insight into the rich history of San Antonio. The boat ride lasted around an hour and by the time it was over, it was already dusk and as we were all starving after a long drive from Houston and the boat ride so we started looking for a place to eat. The River Walk looked to us to have a great night life, there were still lot of tourists on the river banks and on the boats at that time. We ended up having dinner at Little Rhein Steak House which is renowned for perfectly prepared steaks, an award-winning wine list, and its casual, rustic charm.

From where we were dining we could watch the band playing on a stage nearby on the river bank. It was a day well spent and we were all exhausted after our excusions and drew back to Craig place where we first launched into a fiery debate about the good and bad of Trump America over few round of scotch and then reposed for a good night’s sleep.

Next day we decided to visit Alamo mission. The story of the Alamo begins with the establishment of the Mission San Francisco de Solano near the Rio Grande River in 1700. There, Spanish missionary Father Antonio de San Buenaventura y Olivares worked to convert many of the Coahuiltecan bands to Catholicism. After Olivares traveled to Texas with an expedition in 1709, he was awestruck by the beauty of San Antonio area and later recommended it to the Spanish viceroy, Marques de Valero, as a site for a mission waypoint on the road to Spanish settlements in East Texas. The mission that we know today as the Alamo was born as Mission San Antonio de Valero in 1718. In response to increased French and American threats from nearby Louisiana, Spain mobilized its military into the Texas frontier after the turn of the century. Though it started as a mission, later Spanish military occupied the old mission compound and converted it into a frontier outpost and military garrison. When Mexico declared it’s independence from Spain in 1821, the Alamo remained a military outpost. The soldiers of the Alamo Company, named for their hometown Alamo de Parras south of the Rio Grande, shifted their allegiance to the newly formed independent nation of Mexico. San Antonio de Béxar was now key military point, a crossroads and center of commerce in colonial Texas. With the outbreak of revolt in Coahuila y Tejas, San Antonio resumed its old role as Texas’ capital. The Alamo, now a fortress under the command of 26-year-old William Barret Travis, came under siege by dictator Santa Anna. He ordered the pre-dawn attack on March 6, 1836 in which 186 Texians, Tejanos, Americans and Europeans sacrificed themselves to stop a tyrant. Texas won it’s independence from Mexico at the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21, 1836. But the fighting did not end there. Mexico refused to give up its claim to Texas as well as the additional territory claimed by the new Republic, and launched military attacks on Texas several times in the ensuing years. The Alamo remained a vital military garrison protecting San Antonio and supplying border forts from Mexican incursion and Indian attacks. Texas joined the United States on December 29, 1845. San Antonio de Béxar and the Alamo greatly benefitted from annexation and statehood. Centrally located and vital to Texas, San Antonio was already seen as an important civic and military asset. The Alamo became a U.S. Army outpost and depot. It was during this period that the Army added the Alamo’s famous bell-shaped top.

The Alamo today stands at the heart of San Antonio and the heart of what it means to be a Texan. People visit from all over the world to see and learn about the mission and fort’s vital role in defending freedom. Battlefield tours, living history, a one-of-a-kind movie, summer camps, unique exhibits and more are available year-round on the Alamo grounds. Only 20% of the original mission is still standing, the enterance to Alamo church and ground is free. It was pretty hot hat day, during spring and summer months, San Antonio weather is typically hot – wearing sunscreen and drinking plenty of water is recommended. We took audio tour in English, audio tours in Spanish, German, Japanese, and French are also available. It was worthwhile to hear about Alamo history and fight till death of Texan defenders and how it helped create the indomitable Texan spirit.

The building hosts a museum also and there we saw the famous Alamo cannon which gave Texas its famous slogan “Come and Take It” and its lone star flag. In January 1831, the request for the armament for defense of the colony of Gonzales was granted by delivery of a small used cannon. The swivel cannon was mounted to a blockhouse in Gonzales and later was the object of Texas pride. At the minor skirmish known as the Battle of Gonzales—the first battle of the Texas Revolution against Mexico—a small group of Texans successfully resisted the Mexican forces who had orders from Colonel Domingo de Ugartechea to seize their cannon.

As a symbol of defiance, the Texans had fashioned a flag containing the phrase “come and take it” along with a black star and an image of the cannon that they had received four years earlier from Mexican officials. This was the same message that was sent to the Mexican government when they told the Texans to return the cannon; lack of compliance with the initial demands led to the failed attempt by the Mexican military to forcefully take back the cannon. We saw the replica of the original flag when we visited the Texas State Capitol next day.

But more about Capitol later, let me first tell you more about San Antonio. We bought few sovernairs from the gift shop on Alamo grounds and then proceeded to Pearl Brewery for a quick lunch. Pearl near River Walk provides a unique experience as a top culinary and cultural destination. The mixed-use space features retail, dining, picturesque green spaces and paseos, a riverside amphitheater and educational institutions. As a former brewery operating from 1883 to 2001, Pearl reflects a vivid past while embracing the future mixed with historic architecture.

After the lunch, I’d promised kids to show them the different museums around Alamo. We purchased a multi attraction pass for Ripley’s Haunted Adventure, Tomb Raider 3D and Guinness World Records. . The first stop was Guinness World Records museum. There are tons of laminated info lining the walls and lots of rooms, short videos of the show where ordinary people would go on to try and break current Guiness World Records and a few games. The Haunted Adventure was definitely the best. Not just because we didn’t know what to expect, but because the employee that was interacting with us was terrific! She startled and scared us and had us laughing all at once. There were few sections which were really spooky, but overall it was good silly, extravagant diversion. The last one Tomb Raider was just laser gimmicks, not much for adults but there were loads of video games for kids to play.

After the museums, we walked back to Rivercenter Mall for some shopping and then strolled along the banks of river for some time, had our pictures snapped with Saint Antonio statue on the river walk. Overall it was a great excursion and it was getting dark so we decided to head back to Craig Place house. We cooked a sumptous dinner of chicken curry, rice and rotis and afterwards enjoyed a drinking session with scotch over lively old Bollywood classics.

Next day we decided to go to Austin, capital of Texas which is roughly 80 miles via I-35 S. We started early morning after a light breakfast, the drive took around one and half hours. Austin is fastest growing city is US and has a long history. In the 1830s, pioneers began to settle the area in central Austin along the Colorado River. In 1839, the site was chosen to replace Houston as the capital of the Republic of Texas and was incorporated under the name “Waterloo“. Shortly afterward, the name was changed to Austin in honor of Stephen F. Austin, the “Father of Texas” and the republic’s first secretary of state.

Our first stop was Lady Bird Lake which is a river-like reservoir on the Colorado River. The lake is a popular recreational area for paddleboards, kayaking etc. We drove to the wrong side of the park first and had to find our way to the Board Walk the main recreational area. The excursion on the lake was great and as it was lunch time by then we decided to have some authentic Mexican food on a Taco truck. The food was really tasty and as we had only a day to explore Austin so we headed off to Texas State Capitol which is the seat of Texas government.

Located in downtown Austin, the structure houses the offices and chambers of the Texas Legislature and of the Governor of Texas. Designed in 1881 by architect Elijah E. Myers and constructed from 1882 to 1888 the capitol is a roughly rectangular building with a four-story central block,

symmetrical three-story wings extending to the east and west, and a dome rising from the center. There is Goddess of Liberty statue installed atop the dome. The structure is built in an Italian Renaissance Revival style and modelled on the design of the United States Capitol, but with its exterior clad with local red granite.

The central rotunda is hung with portraits of all the past presidents of the Republic of Texas and governors of the State of Texas; the rotunda is also a whispering gallery. We marvelled at the dome and whispered Hello Texas standing at the center of dome. The south foyer features a large portrait of David Crockett, a painting depicting the surrender of General Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto, and sculptures of Sam Houston and Stephen F. Austin made by Elisabet Ney. The Texas Confederate Museum was held in a room on the first floor from its opening in 1903 until 1920, when it was moved into the General Land Office Building.

We climbed up to first floor to see the Senate and House of representatives rooms, it was fascinating to see in person the place from where Texas government rules. Afterwards we bought soveniers from the gift shop inside Capitol and came out. The Capitol building is surrounded by 22 acres of grounds scattered with statues and monuments like the one commemorating the Heroes of the Alamo installed in 1891. Others included the Heroes of the Alamo Monument (1891), Volunteer Firemen Monument (1896), Confederate Soldiers Monument (1903) and Terry’s Texas Rangers Monument (1907), and these flank the tree-lined Great Walk. A granite monument of the Ten Commandments on the grounds of the Texas State Capitol was the topic of a 2005 U.S. Supreme Court case, Van Orden v. Perry, in which the display was challenged as unconstitutional. In late June 2005, the Court ruled that the display was not unconstitutional. We rested in that beautiful setting for some time to regain strength from the long tour of Capitol.

The city’s official slogan promotes Austin as “The Live Music Capital of the World“, a reference to the city’s many musicians and live music venues. We wanted to check out that side of Austin and rode up to Rainey Street to experience it first hand. Renovated houses turned into bungalow bars reign supreme on this popular tucked-away street. We found relaxed bar-goers strolling from bar to food trailer to bar again, looking for a kicked back sip and a bite. It really looked promising but it was getting late for us so with heavy heart, we had to leave the street and head back to San Antonio.

It was our last day at San Antonio and we had to catchup with our family friends at Wesley Creek, the name reminded me of American outlaw and folk icon John Wesley Hardin from the same region in Texas, who had infested creeks around San Antonio and claimed to have killed 42 men by the age of 25, wrote all about it in an infamous autobiography. But apart from that wierd connection, the place was nice and we’d great time catching up with our friends. It was already quite late when we reached back to Craig place house. It was our last day at San Antonio so we decided to have a toast for the great city and shortly afterwards went to much needed sleep.

Next morning we started early back to Houston, the trip was uneventful, but once we entered Houston, it seemed that heavens had opened up and we were greeted by the torrential rain, likes of it we had seen only back at India.

We’d booked ourselves at Luxury Apartments, downtown Houston. The apartment was at the top 30th floor and had panaromic views of the city, even better than the view from Hilton Americas earlier. The torrential rain meant that we were stuck in the apartment for the rest of the day, we got dinner from Phoenicia and spent cosy time together and slept early.

Next day, we’d planned to explore the River Oak district of Houston, which is named “the most expensive neighborhood” in Houston. We drove up River Oaks Boulevard, a road that runs through the center of the community, is lined on both sides by mansions and estates located away from the street. Our first stop was River Oak Shopping Centre, Houston’s first shopping center constructed in 1927. Its a long strip village style shopping area with everything in one spot. You would need your walking shoes but otherwise nice up market, not snobby place to shop. We started with Barnes & Nobles and bought few books to read at home, then went to Taverna for a delicious lunch and then did bit more shopping for clothes at Ann Taylor and Gaps. We really liked the place, with over 75 stores and restaurants, it seemed to be one-stop destination, say to browse for a special work of art, savor delicious cuisine, relax with a great new book or indulge in a shopping spree. We drove around a bit to get the feel of the district, passed Lakewood Church of Joe Osteen on our way, infact the famous pastor was born in River Oaks district of Houston. It was a day well spent and needed rest after tiring walk and headed back to our apartment to rest where we cooked our dinner and watched a movie together on Amazon Prime which was available on apartment TV. Kids were really excited for the next day as we were going to NASA Space Center Houston in the morning.

We’d been told that it would take us a whole day trip to cover Space Center so we decided to start early next morning. It was me, my wife and our two kids, one a teenager and other ten year old and we started on our Uber ride around 10 a.m. on the bright Friday morning and it took us 40 mins to reach the Space Center from Houston downtown. Kids were super excited to visit NASA facility and me and my wife being young at heart, were also looking forward to it.

As we approached the space centre parking lot, we could see from a distance the gaint Boeing and the space shuttle latched on it, it was a mesmerizing sight. Established as the Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC) in 1961, the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center (JSC) named in honor of the late President, is responsible for the design, development, and operation of human space flight. For more than four decades, JSC has been the world leader in human space flight operations for NASA. The MSC opened in 1963 with Gemini IV as the first flight controlled here and became a hub of activity as the Gemini program ended and the Apollo program gained momentum. The Apollo program obtained the national goal, set by President Kennedy in 1961 of landing men on the Moon and returning them safely within the decade of the 1960’s. The eyes of the world were on Houston and the MSC on July 20, 1969 as Neil Armstrong reported from the lunar surface, “Houston, the Eagle has landed.” Hours later, Armstrong descended the ladder of the Lunar Module (LM)”Eagle” proclaiming, “That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind” as he took his historic first steps on the Moon’s surface. Later, in 1973, the MSC was renamed the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center (JSC) and has been the heart of the manned space flight program ever since. Controlling flights from Gemini, Apollo, Skylab and the Apollo-Soyuz through the current Shuttle program is the responsibility of JSC scientists, engineers, astronauts and other staff members.

We got into the space center main hall after security check and a friendly staff member guided us on the best way to tour the facility. He suggested that we start with the open-air tram tour of Mission Control facilities to get an idea of the layout of the NASA operations and it would allow us to see an active site (the training facility in our case). The tour included Building 30 (location of the Historic Mission Operations Control Room 2 and Chris Kraft Mission Control Centers). We visited working training facilities and saw the NASA team members working on different training facilities pimarily for the ISS and also for the planned trip to MARS.

There was a team, we saw working actively on the MARS manned rover to be used by the first manned mission to MARS planned for around 2030. The Tram then took us to a memorial ground inside the space centre where a tree has been planted for every astronaut who died during mission. We could see the tree where the memory of Kalpana Chawla, an India American astronaut killed in Columbia Shittle disaster, has been kept alive.

Next tram dropped us at Building 9 (location of the Space Vehicle Mockup Facility) and Rocket Park with a restored Saturn V rocket which is the most powerful rocket built by humans. The first stage of this Saturn V rocket is from SA-514 (originally intended for the cancelled Apollo 19), the second stage from SA-515 (originally intended for the cancelled Apollo 20), and the third stage from SA-513, which was not needed after it was replaced by the Skylab workshop. SA-513 was originally scheduled for the cancelled Apollo 18 – the rest of the rocket was used for Skylab). The Apollo Command/Service Module CSM-115a (intended for Apollo 19) caps the pointy end. The visit to rocket park and especially seeing the Saturn V rocket inside the holding building was really impressive (in size and impression).

Luckily it was a Friday and center runs a “Meet An Astronaut Friday” event. We went to the theater where a retired astronaut Arnold from Apollo mission showed us slides about his space trip and talked about his career. He narrated an interesting episode where they were assigned for testing a specially built Coke can that could actually work in space and how Pepsi came to now about this Coke can testing and forced NASA to take their can as well up in space. He was a great story teller and actually it would have been better if astronauts were given enough time to actually meet everyone in the theater, I would have loved to shake hands with an actual astronaut. Though I’ve done that a few years back with a different astronautChris Hadfield when he visited Dublin on his book tour.

Next we decided to go to the food court which has good selection for lunch. Everybody was tired so we all rested a bit there over bite and afterwards resumed our tour with a visit to the Apollo manned missions exhibit. The highlight there is a lunar spacesuit from Apollo 12, the Command Module of Apollo 17 and moon rocks. We went inside the command module and wondered how austranauts were able to perform in such cramped space. Also experience of touching an actual moon rock was exhilarating to say the least.

We realised that we only had few minutes left to cover Independent Plaza exhibit. This landmark attraction is the world’s only shuttle replica mounted on the original shuttle carrier aircraft and the only place where the public can enter both vehicles. The shuttle replica Independence, formerly known as Explorer, previously was located at Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex but was moved to make way for a new permanent attraction hall for Space Shuttle Atlantis. Independence is now displayed atop the retired Shuttle Carrier Aircraft, NASA 905. It was a great expereince to walk inside an actual space shuttle, I’m really waiting for the day when ordinary people can go on space trips on a shuttle like this like we do air trips today.

It was quite near the closing time now and we decided to visit the shop inside space centre to buy few souvenirs to cherish this visit for long. We had a wonderful time visiting the space center. There is so much history and information to be learned just by visiting. The exhibits are all very well organized with plenty of easy to read and follow signage. There were many hands on exhibits for the young and young at heart. There is so much to see, I don’t think we were able to cover everything even when we started quite early in the day. I hope that we go back again one day and relive that wonderful day.

On our last day at Texas, we decided to take it a bit easy. We originally had planned to visit Galveston, a nearby coastal town but then realized it would be a full day trip. Kids were tired after the Space Center tour so we instead went to Galleria which is the largest mall in Texas and seventh largest in whole of US. Infact Forbes ranked the Galleria as “one of the world’s best shopping malls”.

It is an upscale mixed-use urban development shopping mall located in the Uptown District of Houston, Texas, United States. The development consists of a retail complex, as well as the Galleria Office Towers complex, two Westin hotels. With over 3 million total square feet of space that includes 375 stores anchored by Neiman Marcus, Nordstrom, Saks Fifth Avenue, and Macy’s. We did some shopping from Macy’s, went into Apple Store and Microsoft Store which were adjacent to each other. Also we visited the Tesla showroom and sat inside a brand new Model S to explore the future first hand.

The Galleria also includes a 20,000-square-foot ice skating facility with 80 feet rink. The rink, known as “Polar Ice” was the first ever built inside a mall and is positioned below the mall’s central glass atrium. There is also a jogging track on the roof around the atrium with a view to this rink. About 50 restaurants and specialty food stores at all prices and service points are located throughout the Galleria complex. We had our lunch there at a Taco stall and savoured a really spicy curry with noodles and rice.

It was already late evening by the time we came back to our apartment and were tired. But kids wanted to go back to Hilton Americas from where we had started our Texas jouney. So off we went and there was a small surprise as a Saturday market was on the swing on the grounds of Discovery Green park. There were lot of stalls selling their wares, paintings etc. It was a lively environment and we liked the different stalls particularly one where a guy was selling stuff made of discarded tin boxes.

We finally made it to Hilton, sat in Starbucks and over a cup of hot cappuccino recounted together the unforgettable moments from our great trip to Texas, different places we had covered in last few days, people we had met and things we had done. I’m sure we’ll remember these days for long time to come and talk about it many times in future too.

Next day our flight was at noon time, we started around 8:30 a.m. for the airport after a quick breakfast, checked in and boarded our flight to Washington Dulles where a conecting flight brought us back to home at Dublin. We kept talking about our trip during the flight and later back home till weeks later. Texas no doubt is a big state, it has everything, from new glistening high rises at Houston & Austin to old world charm of San Antonio, from art centres to big sport complexes, some of the best food around and best shopping districts. We loved our time at Texas and hope to visit it again sometime in future.

Tarun Rattan

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V. S. Naipaul’s India Trilogy – A Tribute

I’d read Naipaul’s India Trilogy when I was in my late teens and at that young age, it did fill me up with profound hatred for the writer who in my opinion was spewing venom against my beloved country. Naipaul and Nirad Chaudhary were the two literary villains I grew up with, though my impression of Nirad Chaudhary being utterly devoid of depth, remained the same but as I grew older, I started to admire the faculty of observation Naipaul was gifted with and also by his fearlessness to write exactly what he observed. When I heard the news of Naipaul’s demise, I decided to reread his India Trilogy as a tribute to the great writer. Naipaul died in late summer this year and I bought these books on the day of his demise but I could not start the trilogy till November, but finally have been able to complete it now.

The first book of trilogy evoked strong sentiments in my youth and generated a lot of hatred for the author who was hellbent on telling me the obvious truth and reality of Indian life. Nobody has ever written so courageously and truthfully about India and his portrait of Indian psyche lays bare the banality and stupidity with which Indian mind has been riddled with since last millennium. But he was sympathetic of the reasons and correctly nailed down the deprivation of Indian thought on the Islamic invasion which terrorised Indian spirit. The first book of the trilogy was also a personal discovery for the author and its fascinating to walk with the author on his solo journey and to read first hand, his impressions of his native land, eccentricities of people he encountered and his bewilderment at the strange rituals and customs of the land that he was exploring. Naipaul was critical of Indian weather, Indian landscape, Indian arts, Indian science, Indian religion, almost everything that India had to offer but I beleive, not because these were deficient in any way but rather because he expected more or perhaps was expecting something different. India is a strange land and one either loves it or hate it and Naipaul ended up hating it in his first attempt to understand it. But I don’t blame him, India is so different and Naipaul who had till then only seen simple societies of Caribbean & Europe was not ready to fathom the intricacies of a complex social construct of an ancient land. It would take much more time for any outsider like Naipaul to understand the diversity and spirituality of India. It’s not possible to understand India with western lenses that Naipaul kept on during his first sojourn to India and ended up labelling it, wrongly in my opinion, as an area of darkness.

When Naipaul visited India again during emergency few years later and wrote the second book of this trilogy, he saw the country in a different light but still could not understand the conflicted society where everybody was out fighting the system whether these were Naxal revolutionaries or Hindu fundamentalists or Muslim gang lords. The second visit invoked the feeling in Naipaul that India has been wounded first in his mind by Islamic invasions and then by an onslaught of modernity over an archaic society with hypocrisy of the political class not helping in any way. India was going though a perfect storm at the time of Naipaul’s second visit with emergency being declared and country going through the turmoil with desperate attempts by political class to rescue democratic norms from clutches of dictatorship which thankfully it finally succeeded in saving. On this second trip, Naipaul encountered first hand the hostility & pain of an angry society and that’s what he ended up depicting as a wounded civilisation.

Naipaul’s third and final sojourn was most sympathetic to India, he understood the challenges the country was grappling with and he made an attempt to unravel these. In the last book of this trilogy, Naipaul wrestled with the aftermath of the terrible partition of India leading to the creation of Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan and also made an attempt to understand Dravidian and Sikh conflicts. Naipaul also did something unique and decided to traverse the path taken roughly a century earlier by war correspondent for Times, William Russell during Indian mutiny of 1857. Naipaul had read Russell’s India diaries earlier but could not comprehend it fully so now that Naipaul was at India, he picked up the book again and moved along the trodden path by Russell and compared the landscape and society of that era with the present. Naipaul ended up concluding that Indian mutiny in some form was still going on, the Sikh insurgency or Dravidian revolt or Naxal class struggle, in author’s judgement were just progression of that century old mutiny as witnessed by Russell. I think what Naipaul observed as million mutinies during his third visit to India were nothing more than the birth pangs of a new nation which was undergoing metamorphosis from an ancient civilisation into a modern state. Now more or less that transition phase is over and India is now rightly marching forward to the league of strong and cultured nations. Naipaul never got an opportunity to write another book about new modern India but I’m sure he would have admired the progress and stability that India achieved in the last few decades.

This trilogy is important to understand India and Naipaul’s excellent rendering makes it without any doubt a pleasure to read. The world lost a courageous soul and a superlative writer but he has left us with his writings that I’m sure will keep us informed and entertained for long long time to come.

Rest in peace, Naipaul.

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